Considerations on Representative Government

by John Stuart Mill

Considerations on Representative Government, published in 1861, is John Stuart Mill's attempt to describe the best form of government that is realistically available to a modern nation. He argues that representative democracy is ideal because it develops the character of citizens as well as protecting their interests, but he worries about the tyranny of a majority and the rule of the ignorant. His remedies include proportional representation, votes weighted toward the educated, an open rather than secret ballot, and a civil service chosen by competitive examination. Later chapters treat local government, federations, nationality and the government of colonies. Many of his proposals were never adopted, but the book remains a reference point for anyone thinking about how elections and parliaments should work. It is available to read online in your browser on Vinteuil, with the first chapter free.