Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
Mutual Aid, published in 1902, is Peter Kropotkin's answer to those who read Darwin's theory as proof that life is a ruthless war of each against all. Kropotkin, a Russian prince who became a geographer and anarchist, recalls that during his travels in Siberia he saw animals struggling against harsh nature but rarely against each other. He gathers evidence of cooperation among insects, birds and mammals, then traces mutual aid through human history: among so-called savages and barbarians, in the village community, in the guilds and free cities of medieval Europe, and in the unions, societies and neighborly habits of his own day. He argues that sociability is a major factor in evolution and in moral progress. The full text is available to read online in your browser on Vinteuil, and the first chapter is free.
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Frequently asked questions about Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution by Peter Kropotkin can be read online on Vinteuil, directly in your browser. The first chapter is free for everyone; the complete book is included in Vinteuil Reading ($4.99/month or $39.99/year) or yours forever for $2.99.
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The first chapter of Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution is free, without an account. To read the whole book, either buy its online reading for $2.99 (£2.99 in the UK) and keep it forever, or subscribe to Vinteuil Reading for $4.99/month (£4.99/month in the UK) or $39.99/year, with 1 month free for new subscribers. The subscription opens every book in the library and can be cancelled at any time.
Is Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution in the public domain?
Yes. Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution by Peter Kropotkin is a public-domain work. Vinteuil offers a carefully prepared digital edition made for comfortable reading on screen.
How long does it take to read Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution?
About 6 h 20 min of reading, at an average reading pace. Your place is saved automatically when you are signed in, so you can read in several sittings and on several devices.
What kind of book is Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution?
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution by Peter Kropotkin is filed under "Classics" in the Vinteuil library.
